{"id":48105,"date":"2025-10-21T01:50:29","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T16:50:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/thekoreantoday.com\/gwangjin\/2025\/10\/21\/100-years-ago-today-october-4-1925-gyeongseong-between-census-and-shrine\/"},"modified":"2025-10-21T01:50:57","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T16:50:57","slug":"100-years-ago-today-october-4-1925-gyeongseong-between-census-and-shrine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/thekoreantoday.com\/gwangjin\/2025\/10\/21\/100-years-ago-today-october-4-1925-gyeongseong-between-census-and-shrine\/","title":{"rendered":"[100 Years Ago Today] October 4, 1925 – Gyeongseong Between Census and Shrine"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n
10:10<\/div>\n
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Korea Under Japanese Rule \u2022 Year 15 of 35 \u2022 Evening Edition<\/div>\n
OCTOBER 4, 1925 \u2022 SUNDAY \u2022 EVENING<\/div>\n

100 YEARS AGO TODAY<\/h1>\n

“As you wind down your day, reflect on a century of history”<\/p>\n

\"10:10\" Published at 10:10 PM KST<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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A quiet Sunday morning masks two sinister colonial projects converging on Korea’s capital.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

As evening falls on October 4, 1925, we look back to Gyeongseong (today’s Seoul), where the streets appeared deceptively peaceful this Sunday morning. Three days earlier, on October 1, the Japanese colonial government conducted Korea’s first modern census\u2014officially called the “Simple National Survey”\u2014counting 19.02 million Koreans. But this was no benign statistical exercise. It was the foundation for systematic exploitation: tracking labor for forced mobilization and resources for extraction.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, just eleven days away, on October 15, the colonial authorities would perform the “Chinza-sai” ceremony at the newly completed Chosun Shrine on Namsan Mountain\u2014a Shinto shrine built to erase Korean identity and replace it with loyalty to the Japanese Emperor. Between census and shrine, between counting subjects and commanding souls, ordinary Koreans lived this quiet Sunday in 1925.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udcf0 Korea Under Japanese Rule – A Sunday’s Record<\/h2>\n
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Understanding the Context:<\/strong> By October 1925, Korea had been under Japanese colonial rule for 15 years\u2014less than halfway through a brutal 35-year occupation. The colonial government wielded total control: Korean newspapers faced constant censorship, independence activists were hunted as “insurgents,” and every aspect of Korean life was monitored and manipulated.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udcca The Census: Counting Koreans for Exploitation<\/h3>\n

On October 1, 1925, at midnight, the Government-General of Korea conducted what it called a “Simple National Survey” (Kan’i Kokusei Ch\u014dsa). This was Korea’s first modern census using contemporary statistical methods. The final count: 19,022,945 Koreans (9,726,000 men and 9,294,000 women). The census had originally been planned for 1920 but was postponed due to the massive March 1st Independence Movement of 1919, which saw millions of Koreans demand freedom. By October 4, clerks in government offices across Korea were still tabulating the results\u2014creating a detailed map of human resources ripe for exploitation through forced labor, military conscription, and economic extraction.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u26e9\ufe0f The Shrine: Forcing Spiritual Submission<\/h3>\n

From early October, the Gyeonggi Provincial Police Bureau mobilized all police chiefs, assigning surveillance zones and deploying plainclothes officers throughout the city. Their concern: Korean independence activists might sabotage the October 15 ceremony at the Chosun Shrine. Built over five years at a staggering cost of 1.56 million yen (equivalent to over 20 billion won or $17 million today), the shrine on Namsan Mountain enshrined the Japanese sun goddess Amaterasu and Emperor Meiji. On October 13, a special imperial envoy would arrive at Gyeongseong Station carrying sacred objects from Japan\u2014including a mirror symbolizing the goddess and a sword once worn by Emperor Meiji. Police were terrified that Korean “insurgents” would strike during this vulnerable moment.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\u270a Resistance in Shadows<\/h3>\n

This Sunday, Korean newspapers like Dong-A Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo were not published\u2014standard practice for Sundays. But just days earlier, on September 25, the newspaper Sidae Ilbo (Times Daily) had attempted to report that the Provisional Government in Shanghai had sent a “bomb squad” to disrupt the shrine ceremony. Colonial censors immediately suppressed the article. The Korean Communist Party, secretly founded in Seoul on April 17, 1925, was quietly organizing underground. Within weeks, on November 22, Japanese police would arrest its leaders in Sinuiju in what would be known as the “First Korean Communist Party Incident.”<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udcb0 The Cost of Colonial Rule (1925)<\/h4>\n
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Chosun Shrine construction: 1.56 million yen<\/span> Equivalent to $17 million USD today<\/span><\/div>\n
Daily wage for Korean laborers: 50 sen to 1 yen<\/span> While Japanese workers earned 2-3 times more<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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\ud83c\udf0f East Asia in Turmoil<\/h2>\n
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\ud83c\udde8\ud83c\uddf3 China – Warlords & Revolution<\/h3>\n

The assassination of Kuomintang Finance Minister Liao Zhongkai on August 20 sent shockwaves through the Nationalist movement. Shanghai hosted the Korean Provisional Government-in-exile, while Guangdong University was renamed Zhongshan University on September 15 in honor of Sun Yat-sen. Korean independence fighters throughout China watched anxiously as their host nation struggled with its own liberation.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\uddef\ud83c\uddf5 Japan – Democracy vs Militarism<\/h3>\n

Japan enacted the Peace Preservation Law on April 22, 1925\u2014an draconian measure targeting socialists and Korean independence activists. On May 5, Japan granted universal male suffrage to men over 25, but Koreans and Taiwanese were effectively excluded from meaningful political participation. The country was still recovering from the devastating 1923 Great Kanto Earthquake, during which thousands of Koreans were massacred in racist pogroms.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\uddf7\ud83c\uddfa Soviet Union & Manchuria<\/h3>\n

Stalin was consolidating power in the USSR following Lenin’s death in 1924. In Manchuria, Korean communities established independence bases like Shinminbu (New People’s Association), founded on March 15, 1925. These Korean settlements in Jiandao and beyond served as training grounds for armed resistance fighters preparing to reclaim their homeland.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0[Image: Sunday morning scene in Gyeongseong on October 4, 1925 – Jongro street with rickshaws, trams, and Namsan construction visible in distance]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\udf0d The World in 1925 – As Evening Falls<\/h2>\n
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\ud83d\udcc5 October 4, 1925 – Global Events<\/h3>\n

Soviet Union:<\/strong> Lifted all restrictions on alcohol content in beverages after 11 years of limited prohibition.
Syria:<\/strong> During the Great Syrian Revolt, rebels captured the city of Hama from French colonial forces.
Finland:<\/strong> Torpedo boat S2 sank in a fierce storm near Pori in the Gulf of Bothnia, killing all 53 crew members.
United States:<\/strong> The Washington Senators and Pittsburgh Pirates continued the World Series, with Pittsburgh leading 3-1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf8 America – The Roaring Twenties<\/h3>\n

The United States was in the midst of the Jazz Age\u2014F. Scott Fitzgerald had published The Great Gatsby on April 10, 1925. Prohibition was in full effect, driving alcohol consumption underground. Wall Street was booming, though the 1929 crash loomed unseen on the horizon. The infamous Scopes “Monkey Trial” challenging evolution education had concluded in July, symbolizing the cultural tensions of the era.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\uddea\ud83c\uddfa Europe – Fragile Peace<\/h3>\n

The Locarno Treaties were being negotiated (October 5-16), attempting to secure peace in post-WWI Europe. Weimar Germany struggled with economic instability. Mussolini’s fascist Italy was consolidating totalitarian control. Britain’s empire remained vast but would soon face challenges in India, where Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement echoed Korea’s resistance to Japanese rule.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udd04 Colonial Parallels: Korea’s Place in History<\/h2>\n
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\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddf3 British India<\/h4>\n

Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement
Language suppression similar to Korea
Both fighting for independence
Census used for exploitation<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\uddee\ud83c\uddea Ireland<\/h4>\n

Gained independence in 1922
Cultural revival movements
Inspiration for Korean fighters
Proof that freedom was possible<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\uddf5\ud83c\udded Philippines<\/h4>\n

Under US rule since 1898
English-only education policies
Similar cultural suppression
Colonial parallels to Korea<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\uddf9\ud83c\uddfc Taiwan<\/h4>\n

Also under Japanese rule (since 1895)
Different treatment than Korea
Less active resistance
More integration policies<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83c\udfee Understanding Life in 1925 Gyeongseong<\/h2>\n
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What Did This Sunday Look Like?<\/h3>\n
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\ud83c\udf05 Morning Quiet<\/h4>\n

No newspaper delivery on Sunday mornings. The usual bustle of Jongro street was subdued. Korean families who had been counted in the census just days earlier tried to enjoy a day of rest, though anxiety about the upcoming shrine ceremony hung in the air.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udd28 Construction Sounds<\/h4>\n

Even on Sunday, final touches were being applied to the Chosun Shrine on Namsan. The sound of hammers echoed across the city\u2014a constant reminder of the massive structure being imposed on the Korean landscape, visible from nearly anywhere in Gyeongseong.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udc6e Police Everywhere<\/h4>\n

Plainclothes police mingled with Sunday crowds, watching for any signs of “insurgent” activity. Japanese colonial police, recognizable by their dark uniforms and caps, conducted extra patrols. The surveillance state never took a day off.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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\u00a0[Image: Century comparison – Same Jongro location in 1925 (colonial surveillance) vs 2025 (modern Seoul at night)]<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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\ud83d\udd04 A Century Later: From Counted Subjects to Citizens<\/h2>\n
\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Aspect<\/th>\n1925 Sunday<\/th>\n2025 Sunday<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n
Census<\/td>\nForced survey for exploitation<\/td>\nVoluntary census for welfare<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Religion<\/td>\nShrine worship forced<\/td>\nFreedom of religion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Population<\/td>\n19.02 million (all Korea)<\/td>\n51 million (South Korea)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Status<\/td>\nColonial subjects<\/td>\nDemocratic citizens<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n
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\ud83d\udca1 Tonight’s Reflection<\/h4>\n

As you end your day in 2025, remember that 100 years ago, Koreans ended theirs under surveillance and suppression. The K-pop you stream, the Korean dramas you watch before bed, the Korean food you enjoy\u2014they exist because those who were counted as mere subjects in 1925 never gave up their identity. The census that reduced them to numbers couldn’t erase their culture. The shrine that demanded their worship couldn’t break their spirit. Freedom isn’t a gift\u2014it’s earned through resistance, preserved through memory, and honored by never forgetting.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Tomorrow Evening’s Story<\/h3>\n

Tomorrow evening at 10:10 PM
October 5, 1925<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/div>\n

“The Locarno Treaties begin\u2014Europe’s attempt at peace
while Korea remained in chains…”<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Yesterday Evening’s Story<\/p>\n

October 3, 1925<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\"10:10\"<\/p>\n

10:10 PM<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Tomorrow Evening’s Story<\/p>\n

October 5, 1925<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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The Korean Today – Evening Edition<\/strong>
global@thekoreantoday.com <\/a><\/p>\n

Bringing you forgotten stories from Korea’s colonial past
Every evening at 10:10 PM KST
A moment to reflect on history as your day ends<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u00a9 2025 The Korean Today. All rights reserved.
This evening edition is based on verified historical records and primary sources.
End your day with history. Tomorrow evening at 10:10 PM.<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

\ud83d\udcf0 \uae30\uc0ac \uc6d0\ubb38 \ubcf4\uae30<\/a><\/p>\n

<\uc800\uc791\uad8c\uc790 \u24d2 \ucf54\ub9ac\uc548\ud22c\ub370\uc774(The Korean Today) \ubb34\ub2e8\uc804\uc7ac \ubc0f \uc7ac\ubc30\ud3ec \uae08\uc9c0><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

10:10 \u00a0 Korea Under Japanese Rule \u2022 Year 15 of 35 \u2022 Evening Edition OCTOBER 4, 1925 \u2022 SUNDAY \u2022 EVENING 100 YEARS AGO TODAY … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":-999999,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/thekoreantoday.com\/1010.png","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[256],"class_list":["post-48105","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-1","tag-koreantoday-gwangjin","resize-featured-image"],"yoast_head":"\n[100 Years Ago Today] October 4, 1925 - Gyeongseong Between Census and Shrine - \ucf54\ub9ac\uc548\ud22c\ub370\uc774 \uad11\uc9c4<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"[100 Years Ago Today] October 4, 1925 - Gyeongseong Between Census and Shrine \ucf54\ub9ac\uc548\ud22c\ub370\uc774 \uad11\uc9c4 -\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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